The different types of marriage around the world

We often think first of civil marriage, but other arrangements can also give a couple legal standing.

Civil marriage

This is the form recognized by most states. A civil marriage is performed at the city hall or another authorized public institution (such as a consulate or embassy). For an international marriage, the couple must provide all required documents, which must be translated into the language of the country conducting the ceremony. If the marriage takes place in the host country, the foreign spouse will usually need to present a certificate of no impediment issued by their country of origin. Civil marriage is the type acknowledged by all states.

Religious marriage

Unlike a civil marriage, a religious marriage is not always legally recognized because many countries separate religion and state. That said, religious marriages can have a legal effect in countries where a religion has state recognition.

Christian traditions

Countries with a Christian heritage may choose to recognize or not recognize religious marriage. In France, for example, only a civil marriage is legal. Couples may also have a religious ceremony, but only after their civil wedding otherwise, they are not legally married. By contrast, Denmark and Finland recognize marriages performed in their official state churches, provided civil-law conditions are met. In the United Kingdom, a religious marriage has the same legal value as a civil one. In the Philippines, a Catholic marriage is legal only if the couple obtains a marriage certificate and follows the required procedures before and after the religious ceremony.

Muslim traditions

Muslim-majority countries accept marriages that comply with Islamic law (sharia). The United Arab Emirates (UAE) specifies that sharia applies to marriages between Muslims and also to marriages between a Muslim and a non-Muslim. In Morocco, marriage is both a civil and a religious institution. It is, however, possible to have only a civil marriage before a Moroccan civil registrar. This option is aimed primarily at non-Muslims (whether foreign or not) and mixed-faith couples. Morocco's family code reform encourages couples married religiously to complete a civil marriage as well.

Hindu traditions

In March 2017, Pakistan passed a law allowing Pakistani Hindus to register their religious marriages with the civil authorities. Until then, only Christians and Muslims could have their marriages legally recognized. The law ends an administrative deadlock dating back to Pakistan's creation in 1947. A year earlier, only the southern province had legislated to validate Hindu marriages. India recognizes Hindu marriages performed in accordance with the Hindu Marriage Act.

Customary marriage

As the name suggests, customary marriage is tied to a country's local customs and is often associated with religious marriage. Customary marriage generally has no standalone legal recognition.

Does interfaith marriage have legal standing?

This question arises, for example, for expat couples or for couples (mixed or not) who do not share the same faith. An interfaith marriage, as the name implies, is one between two people of different religions. As a rule, there is no legal issue because the legally recognized union will be the civil marriage. If a religious wedding is held in a country that recognizes it, the ceremony will, in practice, be conducted according to one spouse's religion or the other's.

Interfaith vs. intercultural

You can certainly plan a wedding that includes each partner's cultural traditions. But don't confuse an intercultural wedding with an interfaith one. A single ceremony cannot combine multiple religious rules at once (for example, a joint service led by a pastor, priest, and imam). Spiritual leaders often stress the difference between tolerance and religious syncretism. One cannot profess several religions at the same time without emptying those faiths of their core content (a slide toward syncretism).

If interfaith marriage aims to promote tolerance, it conflicts with the doctrinal foundations of several religions. In Islam, a Muslim woman may not marry a non-Muslim man unless he converts to Islam. A Muslim man may marry a non-Muslim woman, notably a Christian or Jewish woman, though interpretations of the Qur'anic texts vary. Marriage between a Christian and a non-Christian may be possible, but contrary to common belief, interfaith marriage is prohibited by biblical texts. As for Hinduism, the 1955 Hindu Marriage Act allows interfaith marriage only among Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs. Those outside these faiths must marry under the Special Marriage Act of 1954.

Which countries recognize de facto marriage?

Also called common law marriage, a de facto marriage treats cohabiting partners as married even without a civil or religious ceremony. This form remains little recognized. Some U.S. states, some Australian states, and certain Canadian provinces recognize common law marriage. In Australia, the terms de facto partnership or domestic partnership are used. In Israel, common-law status is used by couples who wish to avoid a religious ceremony, as well as by some LGBTQ+ couples. In France, city halls may issue cohabitation certificates, but unlike a marriage certificate, a cohabitation certificate has no legal force, and city halls are not obliged to issue one.

Monogamy, polygamy, polyandry: what is legally recognized?

Monogamy is the most widespread social arrangement. In principle, marriage is monogamous. Other cultures are built on polygamous or polyandrous models.

Polygamy is legal in Cambodia, Indonesia, Cameroon, Mali, Burkina Faso, South Africa, etc. Meanwhile, Senegal, Algeria, the United Arab Emirates, and Pakistan allow polygamy under Islamic law: a Muslim man may have up to four wives, or more depending on interpretation. In Saudi Arabia, there is no numerical limit. But polygamy is not practiced in all Muslim countries: Turkey, Tunisia, and Guinea have banned it. In the United States, several Mormon communities practice polygamy. Overall, polygamy remains largely prohibited. It is estimated that around 2% of the world's population lives in a polygamous household.

Polyandry (a woman having multiple husbands) is far rarer. It is legal in Kenya and Gabon. In 2021, human-rights advocates pressed South Africa's government to legalize polyandry in the name of equality (since polygamy is accepted). The proposal is part of a broader overhaul of marriage law that retained principles inherited from apartheid. The bill would also extend legal recognition to Hindu, Jewish, Muslim, and Rastafarian marriages, which are currently not valid. Only Christian marriage is legal.

Which countries recognize same-sex marriage?

A growing number of states recognize marriage between same-sex partners. Thailand is one of the latest. On June 18, 2024, Thailand's parliament passed a same-sex marriage bill. The law was promulgated on September 24. The terms husband and wife are replaced with gender-neutral individuals and marriage partners. Thailand joins Nepal, Taiwan, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, Canada, and many European countries.

As a rule, countries that have legalized same-sex marriage recognize same-sex marriages contracted abroad. An expat spouse may qualify for a dependent visa. The couple's rights are recognized on the same basis as any married couple. But recognition is not automatic everywhere: in countries that prohibit marriage equality, a same-sex union performed abroad will not be legal.

Which countries accept the PACS?

For those who are not aware, the PACS (Pacte civil de solidarité / civil partnership) is not a marriage. It is a contract between two adults. Depending on the country's laws, it may or may not be open to same-sex couples. Like married couples, partners can choose separation of property, a contractual property regime, or joint ownership. However, they generally have fewer rights regarding parentage, adoption, parental authority, and inheritance.

The PACS is far from universally recognized. In principle, it has no legal effect outside the country where it was registered. In practice, though, countries that offer the PACS or an equivalent contract often grant rights to foreign couples in that situation.

By contrast, some countries ban civil partnerships outright this is the case in states applying Islamic law. Others, such as Japan, do not include this option in national legislation. Note that Japan still prohibits same-sex marriage, even though an increasing number of municipalities issue civil partnership certificates for same-sex couples. The PACS question is therefore crucial for couples planning to move abroad. Depending on the destination, marriage may be the only path to an accompanying-spouse visa.

A diverse but unequal educational landscape

Mauritius offers a broad range of educational options. But you need to understand the divisions: there's the accessible public system, religiously affiliated private schools, costly international institutions, and a growing but limited number of alternative schools. Each creates a very different experience.

Public schools in Mauritius are free and compulsory from the age of 5, with English as the language of instruction. Free, however, does not mean equal. Some schools are well run, while others lag behind. Classes may be overcrowded, teaching styles rigid, and resources vary significantly from one institution to another. That said, some children thrive, particularly those who adapt quickly to English Creole bilingualism and new social environments.

Private schools tend to offer stricter discipline and a reputation for high academic standards, but also rely on a fairly traditional, top-down pedagogy. Some children thrive in that structured atmosphere, while others feel stifled. The culture is old-fashioned: uniforms are mandatory, hierarchies are clear, and creativity often takes a back seat. Tuition fees are usually higher for expatriates than for Mauritian nationals.

International schools are seen as the premium option. The Lycée des Mascareignes, École du Nord, École Paul et Virginie, Le Bocage, Greencoast, and others offer strong academics, bilingual or international curricula (English/French, International Baccalaureate, etc.), modern facilities, and carefully structured support. The trade-off is costs, with international schools being typically more expensive.

Private international schools in Mauritius:

• Westcoast International Primary and Secondary School, Cascavelle;
• Le Bocage International School, Moka;
• Northfields International School, Mapou;
• Savannah International School, Savannah;
• IPS, Mapou;
• Greencoast International School, Beau-Plan.

Alternative schools (Montessori, Steiner, democratic schools, etc.) are also drawing more families in search of meaningful, child-centered approaches. Still limited in number, they're becoming more visible and often attract expat communities who value these philosophies. Places are scarce, and tuition can be steep, depending on the school.

Alternative schools in Mauritius:

• La Maison des Enfants, Tamarin (nursery);
• Les Enfants du Soleil, Tamarin (primary);
• École Montessori Internationale du Nord, Fond du Sac (nursery and primary);
• L'ÃŽle aux Enfants, Cascavelle (nursery);
• Judy Montessori, Mare d'Albert (primary);
• La Maison des Filous, Grand Baie (nursery);
• La Maison des Enfants Montessori, Port-Louis (nursery);
• Melbees, Curepipe (nursery);
• Haven Montessori Education, Calebasses (primary);
• Montessori Moka, Moka (nursery);
• L'ÃŽle O Z'Enfants, Grand Baie (nursery).

Understanding the Mauritian school system

Before choosing, it helps to know how the local system works. Mauritius follows the British model. English is the primary teaching language in public schools. National exams set the pace, in a system often viewed as elitist and highly competitive. At age 11, children sit the Primary School Achievement Certificate (PSAC), at 16 the School Certificate (O-Level), and at 18 the Higher School Certificate (A-Level).

Academic pressure can be intense. The culture is still heavily based on memorization, written homework, and exam success. For children who thrive on creativity, collaborative projects, or holistic approaches, this structure may feel restrictive. That's why many expatriates lean toward other schooling systems.

What expat families look for

Families arriving from Europe, the UK, the US or elsewhere, often share similar criteria:

• Continuity with their home country's curriculum, especially if they expect to return eventually.
• Bilingual learning, giving children fluency in both English and French.
• A caring, inclusive environment that respects individual pace.
• Cultural openness, with values such as tolerance, ecology, or social engagement.
• Schedules compatible with family life and work commitments.
• Manageable tuition fees, especially for larger families.

In short, there's no single best school. The right choice depends on your family's life plan, your educational philosophy, and your child's personality.

For children with special needs (disabilities, learning differences, etc.), parents can reach out to local associations for support: ASDP, U-Link & Down Syndrome Mauritius, APEIM, and others.

Key questions to ask yourselves when choosing a school

Before visiting schools or filling out application forms, take time as a family to reflect. Ask yourselves (and your children, if they're old enough):

• Do we want schooling to be fully English-speaking or bilingual?
• How important is it to prepare for a possible return home?
• Does our child need structure, or do they thrive in freer environments?
• Are we ready to support a child through a system that isn't our own?
• What long-term budget can we sustain? (Note: costs multiply quickly with two or three children.)
• How long is the school commute? (Mauritian traffic can make mornings stressful.)

Often, the answers clarify priorities. They may also reveal that parents sometimes project expectations that don't match their children's own needs.

Real family experiences

Chloé, mother of two boys aged 6 and 9, first enrolled them in an international school: On paper, it looked perfect: bilingual teaching, small classes, qualified teachers. But we soon realized the kids were under pressure. Too much homework, a competitive atmosphere, and very high expectations. After a tough year, we switched to a small alternative school closer to home. The change was dramatic they're now happy to go to class.

Sophie chose public school for her 10-year-old daughter: We wanted her to integrate locally and learn English. It mattered that she wasn't stuck in an expat bubble. It was hard at first, but today she has friends, speaks fluent Creole, and feels confident.

Fabrice split his choices between two schools for his children: We hesitated between a French school and an alternative one both were the same distance from us. We didn't want to make the wrong call, especially since enrollment fees are significant. In the end, our preschooler goes to the alternative school, and our older child, who is very academic, attends the French school. It works well. Each child is in the environment that suits them best, and we're happy with the outcome.

When none of the options fit

If no school feels right, you can consider homeschooling (Instruction en famille, IEF), either full-time or part-time. In Mauritius, homeschooling is legal under certain conditions, though the framework is minimal. It requires serious organization and a significant commitment from parents.

Rethinking school choice

When choosing a school, it's worth questioning assumptions and sometimes revising your decision. Just because many expats choose a certain school doesn't mean it's the best fit for your family. Just because your neighbor is satisfied doesn't mean you will be. And choosing one path at the start doesn't mean you're locked into it forever.

Expat life is about testing, adjusting, questioning, and most of all, listening. Listen to your children. Listen to your instincts. And remember: school isn't everything. In Mauritius, children have countless other learning opportunities in nature, through intercultural exchanges, in sports or the arts, and in everyday life.

What matters most is that they feel good, grow at their own pace, and find joy in becoming themselves.

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Financial requirements: What costs should you factor in?

Student visa fees, proof of funds, cost of living You can't move abroad without the essentials. Below, we list the main spending categories so you can compare countries more easily. Of course, money isn't the only factor in choosing a destination. It remains essential, though.

Student visa fees

Japan, Germany, Italy, France, and Poland are among the countries with the most affordable visa fees: as little as 3,000 yen on average in Japan ( 18), starting at 50 in Italy (US$58), 75 in Germany (US$87), 80 in Poland (US$93), and 99 in France (US$115). By contrast, Sweden's student-visa fee can rise to 200 (US$230). It's even higher in the United States (US$185), Canada (C$150/US$108), Finland ( 350/US$407), and the United Kingdom (£490/US$660). In Australia, the student visa fee has surged: since July 1, it has risen to AU$2,000 (US$1,297). In traditional destinations for international students (Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom), rising visa costs are one lever used to reduce the number of incoming students.

Tuition fees

Mexico, Vietnam, the Czech Republic, and Malaysia offer some of the lowest tuition. The averages below refer to public institutions. Costs can vary by level (bachelor's, master's, doctorate), the field of study, and the university selected. In India, tuition starts at about US$500 per year. In Germany and Argentina, it goes up to US$1,500 per year. The Czech Republic encourages expats who take courses in Czech: they won't pay tuition fees. For those enrolled in an English-taught program, fees run from US$1,000 to US$4,000 per year. That range is similar to Vietnam (US$1,000 to US$3,000 annually), Malaysia ( 1,500 to 4,000 per year), Mexico (up to about US$3,000 per year), and Hungary (US$1,500 to US$4,000 annually).

Health fees / social security in the host country

For international students, enrollment in the host country's social security/health system is often required. Each state is free to make this enrollment free or paid. In the United Kingdom, the health surcharge has jumped to £776 for one year (US$1,050). In Australia, it is AU$478 per year (US$300). Other countries charge far less or nothing at all. In Japan, enrollment in National Health Insurance (Kokuho / National Health Insurance) costs about ¥24,000 per year (US$162). In France, affiliation with the national health system is mandatory but free. In Canada, health coverage is decided at the provincial level. For example, international students in Alberta, British Columbia, or Saskatchewan are covered by those provinces' health programs. In other provinces and territories, students must take out private insurance.

Financial requirements (proof of funds)

Is it possible to find a country that requires under US$10,000 per year in funds? Yes by looking to the newer student destinations. The Czech Republic is the most affordable, with only about US$1,600 required for one year. It's a bit higher in Poland and China, but still more cost-effective than in Australia or the United States. To study in Poland, you must show at least US$2,328 per year. In China, the required funds are US$2,500. Amounts rise for Italy (US$6,635) and Spain (US$7,700). France comes in just under US$10,000 (about US$9,080).

Cost of living

Housing, food, transport, internet Which countries offer the best value for money? Here again, new student cities are carving out space alongside the traditional giants. Look to Indonesia, Vietnam, the Czech Republic, Taiwan, Mexico, and Argentina.

Between US$400 and US$700 per month, on average: that's the cost of living in Mexico, South Africa, and Malaysia. It's even cheaper in Indonesia (US$250 to US$500 per month) and Argentina (about US$300 to US$600 per month). Although a bit higher, Taiwan remains competitive (US$500 to US$800). In Europe, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland are among the most affordable (US$460 to US$800 per month). The cost of living is somewhat higher in Germany (US$930 to US$1,200 per month) but still far more attractive than in the United Kingdom (US$1,200 to US$1,900 per month) or the United States (about US$1,500 to US$1,800 per month).

How to approach the financial aspect of studying abroad

National figures are only a guide; the real differences show up by city and even by neighborhood. However, it's still possible to find well-located, affordable housing even in a big city. Prices can vary twofold depending on the neighborhood and available amenities (access to transport, shops, etc.).Of course, finances shouldn't be the only factor guiding your choice of destination. Low costs without a genuine interest in the country will make integration harder. It's better to aim for balance and also consider your other priorities: the programs on offer, the country's culture, learning the language, etc., so you can make the most of your time abroad.

Useful links:

Republic:

China:

Poland:

Italy:

Spain:

France: ;

Canada:

Contact official sources to confirm any major changes

This case of misinformation highlights the importance of verifying news about major legal amendments affecting expats directly with the authorities. It is easy to panic after reading a single newspaper or magazine article, or even a WhatsApp message or a Tweet. However, journalists may not always consult reliable sources, so it is best not to take such information at face value before confirming it with the relevant authority. Here are the authorities you should phone or email:

• ;
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• ;
• .

The press may report not only on marriage laws but also on other important matters such as land purchase regulations, taxes applicable to expats, and visa renewal deadlines. The reliability of these reports can vary, and you should not end up making the wrong decision because of fake news, so please always double-check. If you have a Facebook account, it is advisable to follow the official page of the for important updates and communiqués.

Guidelines to register a marriage between an expat and Mauritian

Registering a marriage between Mauritians and expats is quite straightforward. Unfortunately, Mauritius has not legalized same-sex marriage yet, so only marriages between heterosexual couples can be registered here for now, although non-married queer couples can live together on the island.

issued by the Prime Minister's Office on 10 September to debunk the fake news emphasized that most cases where couples struggle to register their marriage in Mauritius are because they do not provide all the required documents. All the details about the required documents and steps to take are listed in this document on the website of the . A is also available for free online.

One bureaucratic pitfall that the Mauritian or expat partner can stumble into is submitting documents (birth certificate, medical certificate, etc.) issued over 3 months ago, as the Civil Status Division will accept only documents that have recently been issued. The marriage application of French citizens might also be blocked if they fail to produce a filled Certificat de capacité à mariage form from the French embassy.

If you feel overwhelmed by all the steps to take, consider hiring the services of a lawyer to guide you through it to ensure that you don't miss a step.Ìý

The Xpats Gateway platform has made it easier for companies in specific sectors to sponsor foreign workers through the Employment Pass. The platform guarantees processing within just 5 days down from the previous 80.

On July 7, 2025, the online service run by TalentCorp, which operates under Malaysia's Ministry of Human Resources took another leap in streamlining applications for prospective expatriates.

From now on, recruitment requirements for foreign workers listed on two government platforms MyFutureJobs (a career advice and job search portal) and ePPAx (a site supporting employers in hiring foreign talent) are fully integrated into Xpats Gateway. This integration represents another step forward in reducing bureaucracy for both employers and expatriate workers. That's how Malaysia's Human Resources Minister, Steven Sim Chee Keong, describes this latest development.

Before this system was in place, Malaysian companies had to navigate several different government portals. The process was long and repetitive and could take up to a year. Now, it's been reduced to just 20 days. Xpats Gateway is now the sole platform handling visa applications. For the government, this simplification is expected to attract even more international talent. In 2024 alone, Malaysia welcomed more than 150,000 foreign workers.

Useful links:

Expatriate Services Division:

Immigration Department:

Taxes and crypto investments: Where should you move?

The reason crypto investments or cryptocurrencies have become so popular is simple: they often promise much higher returns than traditional assets. But higher returns also come with greater risks.

Governments, aware of the stakes involved, have gradually stepped in to regulate this market. Regulation aims to bring order to a system initially designed to bypass governments altogether. But it also works as a strategy to attract crypto investors.

Indeed, tax breaks offered by crypto-friendly nations are one of the most effective ways to draw in expats. While traditional tax havens remain in the spotlight, other countries are now offering zero or reduced taxes on crypto investments.

Portugal

A favorite destination for expats, Portugal has also become a hotspot for crypto investors. Although legislation passed in 2023 and 2024 imposed stricter rules on cryptocurrencies, tax advantages remain. Investors holding crypto for more than a year are still exempt from capital gains tax.

United Arab Emirates (UAE)

Another expat magnet, the UAE, openly welcomes crypto investors. Its 2021 reform simplified the rules and promoted crypto trading, particularly in . In the UAE, there is no income tax and no capital gains tax for individuals. Selling crypto is completely tax-free.

The country has also established regulatory bodies that oversee the sector and grant licenses to crypto-related businesses, allowing them to operate legally. The and the are among these key regulators.

Germany

Germany, like Portugal, rewards long-term crypto investors. Assets held for more than 12 months are exempt from capital gains tax. Short-term investments are also untaxed, provided that annual gains stay below 1,000.

El Salvador

You can't talk about crypto without mentioning El Salvador, the first country in the world (in 2021) to recognize Bitcoin as legal tender. This bold move came with a highly favorable ecosystem: no capital gains tax on Bitcoin transactions.

On top of that, El Salvador taxes only territorial income. That means foreign-sourced income including crypto is not subject to tax. Crypto businesses also enjoy benefits: no VAT on Bitcoin operations, no corporate tax, and no dividend or crypto-profit taxes.

Malta

Malta doesn't just attract expats with its lifestyle it also appeals to investors thanks to its favorable tax system. Crypto is included in these advantages: no VAT and no capital gains tax on long-term holdings. However, profits from same-day transactions are treated as income and taxed accordingly.

Andorra

Andorra aims to create a supportive ecosystem for crypto development. Investors who reinvest their crypto profits into Andorra's economy enjoy significant tax breaks. There is no blanket exemption for crypto sales, but the income tax rate is capped at 10%.

Cayman Islands

The renowned tax haven has also adopted cryptocurrency. In the Cayman Islands, there is still no income tax, corporate tax, or capital gains tax. Crypto investors can therefore keep all their profits without worrying about taxation.

The further provides a legal framework for exchanges, service providers, and other crypto businesses to operate in full compliance.

Hong Kong

Both individuals and companies investing in crypto are exempt from capital gains tax. However, businesses primarily engaged in trading crypto must pay income tax.

Singapore

Singapore imposes no capital gains tax. This means that both individuals and companies investing in crypto for the long term are fully tax-exempt. However, as in Hong Kong, businesses that trade crypto as their core activity are taxed on their profits.

Individuals and companies accepting crypto as payment for goods or services must also pay income tax.

Monaco

Already famous for its tax-friendly status among high-net-worth individuals, Monaco has adjusted its system to include crypto. Residents do not pay income tax, meaning crypto investors can sell their assets freely without any tax liability.

Gibraltar

Gibraltar's reputation for flexible tax rules extends to crypto. There is no capital gains tax and no VAT (since VAT does not exist in Gibraltar). However, companies are subject to a 10% tax on profits generated through crypto activities.

What should crypto investors watch out for?

Relocating purely for a country's crypto-friendly tax regime is not always a smart move. Laws around digital assets remain uncertain and inconsistent. Should crypto be considered a currency? If the answer is no, does that mean it automatically escapes taxation?

Beware of false promises. El Salvador made global headlines when it adopted Bitcoin as official currency, but its ambitious Bitcoin City project has raised doubts. Designed as a tax haven built entirely around Bitcoin, the project has faced major obstacles that the government failed to anticipate. The initial excitement has faded, and experts believe building such a city could take decades if it's ever completed. Profitability is far from guaranteed.

This highlights the central issue with crypto: extreme volatility. Long-term projections are unreliable, and the risk level remains very high compared to other forms of investment. For expats, the smartest move is to research thoroughly before diving into crypto investment abroad.

At first, this shift can feel unsettling. You arrive with ingrained habits, go-to brands, and urban reflexes. Then you realize not everything is available here or that imported goods come at a steep price. But the truth is, shopping local in Mauritius is easier than you'd expect. Often, it's tastier, greener, and more personal too. Here's how to rethink your consumption habits on the island without frustration, and with plenty of joy.

Eating local: A treat and a smart choice

Fruits and vegetables: Flavor, seasonality, and no air miles

Mauritius' local markets are a real treasure trove. Forget overpriced greengrocers just head to the market. Juicy tomatoes, sweet pineapples, glossy eggplants, fragrant mangoes The variety is vibrant, seasonal, and bursting with flavor.

One thing to know: here, you eat fruit in season. And that's a blessing. The produce is tastier, more affordable, and grown just a few kilometers from home.

For those who don't fancy a Saturday dawn market run, some small-scale growers deliver produce baskets straight to your door. A simple WhatsApp or Facebook order does the trick quick, direct, and delicious.

Useful addresses to keep in mind:

L'Écolo (Port-Louis, Caudan Waterfront): A zero-waste grocery offering bulk goods (grains, oils, vinegar, etc.), reusable bottles and bags, plus eco-friendly cleaning supplies. A local benchmark for reducing packaging.

Farm Basket (Saint-Julien, island-wide delivery): A farmers' co-op delivering weekly boxes of fresh, locally grown vegetables straight to your home. Transparency and quality guaranteed.

Neofoods (Mont Choisy): A bulk store with food, pantry staples, and artisanal local products. Perfect for stocking up on nuts, grains, or large-format oils without the plastic.

Mantra Mauritius (Port-Louis) & Nature's Basket (Grand Baie): Organic groceries offering fresh produce, healthy snacks, and even smoothie bars. Ideal for combining wellness and indulgence.

La Ferme Mon Choisy: Local producers of free-range chicken and organic eggs. Authentic quality, straight from the source.

FruitBasket.mu: Fresh, seasonal fruit delivered to your door, picked that very morning. Subscription-based weekly or monthly baskets in serviced areas.

MauriBio: A homegrown initiative specializing in pesticide-free farming. They provide DIY garden kits complete with compost, seeds, organic fertilizers, and personalized guidance.

Just Natural: Naturally grown vegetables, fruits, herbs, and spices no chemicals. You can even pick them yourself straight from the garden.

What about meat and fish?

Here too, buying local makes sense. Local meat especially chicken often tastes better than imports, though prices vary depending on the vendor. As for fish, head straight to the fishermen or small coastal markets. You won't find it fresher than that.

Our tip is to get to know local species, recognize reliable sellers, and bargain with a smile. Human connection is part of the experience.

Cutting down on imports is good for the planet and your wallet

Newcomers are often shocked: imported goods are expensive. A wedge of French cheese, a packet of organic quinoa, and an American cereal box all of it traveled across the globe to land in your shopping cart, and you'll pay for that journey.

Shopping smart in Mauritius means letting go of old habits. Don't try to replicate your British, American, or South African fridge. Instead, embrace local alternatives: lentils, dried beans, cassava, sweet potatoes, tropical fruit preserves Sometimes it's just about learning to cook differently.

That's when you discover Mauritius' incredible culinary wealth. The island's cuisine is a blend of Indian, Creole, Chinese, and French influences. It's rich in local produce, spices, and textures waiting to be explored.

Household and beauty products: Go natural

Yes, international detergent and shower gel brands exist here but they're pricey, and often not very eco-friendly.

The good news? More and more local artisans and small businesses are offering natural, eco-conscious, and affordable alternatives: cold-processed soaps, solid shampoos, homemade laundry detergents, solid deodorants, and plant oils.

Some products can easily be made at home: vinegar, lemon, baking soda, and citronella essential oil work wonders for everyday cleaning. And in the bathroom, a jar of local coconut oil doubles as makeup remover, moisturizer, and hair treatment.

Smart shopping: Second-hand, recycling, and craftsmanship

Clothing: Less but better

Mauritius doesn't overflow with big international fashion chains, except for the big shopping malls and that's actually a plus. It nudges you toward more conscious choices. Between small local brands, artisan markets, and well-curated thrift shops, dressing differently without relying on fast fashion is easy.

Some boutiques even stock ethical clothing made from organic cotton or linen, often dyed naturally or produced locally. For vintage or second-hand lovers, Facebook groups are full of residents selling, gifting, or swapping clothes.

Tip: Garage sales and vide-dressings are goldmines and a great way to meet people. In Tamarin, the Charity Center sells clothes and household items at unbeatable prices, with proceeds supporting local causes.

Furniture, dishes, appliances: The joy of reuse

Why buy everything new when second-hand is everywhere? Many expats sell off furniture, appliances, or décor at friendly prices when they move. A bit of digging online or in dedicated groups pays off.

For DIY and upcycling fans, Mauritius is a playground: driftwood, pallets, fabric scraps, and antiques can all be transformed into unique pieces. It's a creative and economical way to make a house feel like home.

Reconnecting with nature and short supply chains

Smarter consumption in Mauritius is also about slowing down, reconnecting with the land, and sometimes even growing your own. Many residents take up gardening cherry tomatoes, fresh herbs, a lemon tree and enjoy the satisfaction of eating what they've nurtured.

Agricultural co-ops are gaining ground, and zero-waste initiatives are spreading fast. Short supply chains, where producers and consumers connect directly, are becoming the norm.

Ultimately, shopping local and thoughtfully in Mauritius isn't just an ecological or financial duty it's a shift in perspective. It's aligning yourself with the island's rhythms, culture, and resources.

You learn to do more with less. To savor a pineapple picked that morning instead of an imported avocado. To choose a handmade soap from a craftswoman in Mahébourg instead of a mass-produced shower gel shipped from Asia. To wait for mango season rather than forcing nature.

And once you get a taste of this shift, it becomes a pleasure. You rediscover the joy of bulk shopping, cooking with what's on hand, chatting with local vendors, and supporting small-scale producers. You make choices that are more conscious, more human, and more sustainable. You strengthen local networks and find balance between how you live and the life you want to lead.

Living longer, working longer?

Thursday, May 22. Denmark's Parliament votes to lift the retirement age from 67 to 70. More precisely, it will rise to 68 within five years and reach 70 by 2040. While international media call it a small revolution, Denmark's government stresses this is part and parcel of existing policy. In Denmark, the retirement age is indexed to life expectancy. Danes have therefore long internalized the idea of living longer, working longer. France's pension reform drew on the same logic, though with more mixed results. Passed amid fierce opposition in 2023, it raises the legal retirement age from 62 to 64, depending on birth year. But the current government's difficulties and continued resistance from part of the public keep tensions alive, and some parties still call for the reform to be suspended.

Denmark isn't the only country tying retirement rules to life expectancy. Italy, the Netherlands and Portugal do it too. In 2024, Italy's government proposed allowing civil servants who wish to do so to work until 70. Despite union pushback, the government has held its line and is gradually laying the groundwork for a legal retirement age of 70 for everyone, not just public employees. In the Netherlands, the retirement age will move to 68 by 2040 (from 67 today). In Portugal, the age shifts progressively with life expectancy: currently 66 years and 7 months, it will reach 66 years and 9 months in 2026.

International labor market: working until 70

Germany is also phasing in a higher legal retirement age up to 67 instead of 65 for workers born between 1947 and 1964. The United States shows a similar pattern: people need to work longer to qualify for full benefits. Those born in 1959 currently need to work until 66 years and 10 months; in 2026, anyone born in 1960 or later will need to reach 67.

In Japan, working until 70 and beyond is not unusual. The full pension age remains 65, but few retire that early. According to Japan's Ministry of Labor, people over 65 account for 13% of the workforce. More than 50% of 65 69-year-olds remain employed, and over 30% of those aged 70 74 still have a job. Even 10% of people over 75 are working. In practice, companies are encouraged to retain employees until 70: Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance (a major insurer), Toyota, Mazda In 2021, electronics retailer Nojima went further and scrapped the mandatory retirement age altogether. Since late 2023, taxi drivers can work up to 80 in rural areas.

Raising the retirement age: what does it mean for jobs?

Does a higher legal retirement age affect youth employment? Overall unemployment? Are there pathways to foster knowledge transfer between seasoned employees and new hires? A closer look at France, Germany, Japan and the United States.

The baseline

Japan has the highest employment rate among 25 64-year-olds at 79.8%. Germany ranks second (77.7%), ahead of the United States (71.7%) and France (68.9%) (OECD data for Q4 2024, released April 17, 2025). Yet these healthy averages mask deep divides. An OECD report published July 3, 2025, notes that Japan's working-age population shrank by 16% between 1995 (87.3 million) and 2024 (73.7 million). Among those still working, seniors are an ever larger share. Japan is the G7 country where older people stay in work the longest: about 80% of those aged 55 64 are employed, compared with 76.4% in Germany, 65.8% in the U.S., and 61.7% in France. Nearly 30% of Japanese aged 65+ continue to work far ahead of the U.S. (19.2%), Germany (9.1%), and France (4.3%).

In 2023, the OECD estimated Japan's youth (15 24) labor force participation at 49.9%. That's a bit lower than Germany and the U.S. (54% and 56.3%, respectively), but higher than France (42.5%). Still, young people especially those with limited or no qualifications face the highest risk of precarious work. Older workers with weak attachment to the labor market face similar risks.

Youth and senior employment: stubborn stereotypes

According to France's Observatoire des inégalités, both youth and senior unemployment rates have fallen. Yet older jobseekers remain unemployed for longer, and low-skilled young people are more exposed to unemployment. In France, labor force participation among young and older workers lags many other European countries, especially the Nordics. During a period of belt-tightening, many firms focus on profitability. The narrative goes like this: young hires lack the experience to be productive; seniors have experience but supposedly waning productivity. Either way, companies conclude that both groups cost too much.

Germany reaches a different conclusion. Unlike France, apprenticeship has long been a pillar of the German social model. Experts argue it helps more young people find jobs and build skills, and it spotlights technical and manual trades often overlooked in favor of white-collar roles. France recognizes this gap and has tried to pivot, taking cues from Germany. According to INSEE, the number of apprentices in France more than doubled between 2017 and 2023.

Japan faces another set of issues. Younger generations push back against their parents' work culture, while low birth rates force older people to work longer. Pensions are often too small to support a comfortable living. In 2019, the government urged workers to save at least 170,000 by the time they reach age 65 a target that many find unattainable. A 2020 SMBC Consumer Finance survey found that over 60% of Japanese in their 40s had less than 10,000 in savings.

The place of seniors in the international job market

A global and chronic labor shortage, falling birth rates, and training challenges governments are juggling policy levers to better match labor supply and demand. The key question: how to foster co-operation, not competition, between younger and older workers so that skills transfer improves and productivity rises?

Two-way knowledge transfer

Companies often emphasize top-down transfer: seasoned staff training fresh hires. But others promote a more circular model, which they say is easier to implement because everyone has something to teach. Digital-native younger workers can train their elders on new technologies; in return, seniors pass on their experience. This circular transfer is said to make intergenerational teamwork smoother. Advocates report clear benefits including higher productivity. Seniors are not necessarily on their way out; with ongoing peer-led training, they gain new skills and stay current. Meanwhile, younger employees become operational faster thanks to mentorship from experienced colleagues.

How are seniors integrated at work?

The OECD Employment Outlook 2025, published July 9, 2025, cites U.S. workplace surveys showing many older workers are exposed to physical risks: smoke and fumes, gases, sharp or heavy objects, chemicals, strenuous or repetitive movements, extreme temperatures, noise, vibrations, and more risks closely tied to the jobs they do. Many of these are shortage occupations. In healthcare, for instance, the OECD indicates that workers aged 55 64 face over a 60% likelihood of physical risk exposure.

How do sectors like healthcare, construction and engineering integrate seniors? In France, NGE (construction) and Keolis (public transport, Franco-Quebec group) have made senior employment a pillar of their strategy to fight labor shortages. The same logic guides SNCF, EDF, Enedis (electricity distribution) and Elior (contract catering). The watchword: employing seniors strengthens knowledge transfer and ensures continuity of operations.

Tech firms also bet on senior expertise. Intel, IBM, Salesforce, Apple, Microsoft, Cisco, HP and Google all highlight recruiting experienced professionals. Being a senior does not automatically mean lacking digital or high-tech skills. On the contrary, many renowned innovators now older continue to reshape tech. Their deep expertise gives them a head start and lets them assess novelty through a broader lens than new hires.

Discrimination persists

These corporate initiatives don't erase the reality of enduring age discrimination. Older workers feel it first-hand, even as policymakers claim to promote senior employment. Biases are even stronger against older jobseekers, especially those with long unemployment spells. Employers often equate gaps with doing nothing, overlooking unpaid work or other activities.

Another hurdle: some employers wrongly believe older workers are more change-averse, less adaptable, and less willing to learn new tools or methods. Some companies let go of highly competent staff for age alone. Yet older unemployed people face steeper barriers than younger ones. The OECD notes that a 50-something who is employed is more likely to stay employed into their 60s, whereas a 50-something jobseeker is more likely to remain unemployed at 60. Raising the retirement age can therefore increase the risk of impoverishment for millions of older people shut out of work. Seniors in precarious jobs (part-time, low-paid, physically demanding conditions) are only marginally better off.

An aging world: how to redefine the international labor market?

United Nations projections suggest major economies could lose 20 50% of their population by 2100. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute finds fertility has fallen across every continent: around 1.8 1.6 children per woman in North and South America and Oceania, 1.4 in Europe, and 1 in East Asia. Only Africa stands apart, with 2.4 to 4.4 children per woman (2023 figures). By 2050, seniors will account for a quarter of global consumers. Many economists support raising retirement ages: if people live longer, they should work longer.

But just as many warn against over-simplification. Careers are not linear or uniform. The global labor market is unequal. You can't raise the legal retirement age without considering the specifics of each sector. Some physically demanding occupations are simply not suitable for seniors.

A global labor market tailored to worker profiles

Redefining the international job market means factoring in both today's and tomorrow's challenges. Beyond circular skills transfer, many stakeholders recommend listening more closely to what workers value at different ages.In its 2025 report, the OECD emphasizes several drivers of motivation and thus competitiveness for older workers. Job strain shouldn't be the only lens. Studies show seniors prize flexibility and autonomy. They want control over their schedules, greater independence, and recognition for the quality of their work. As a result, certain roles especially in information and communication technologies (ICT), management, administration, and engineering may be better aligned with senior profiles. By contrast, assembly-line jobs and roles with little flexibility are harder to adapt. Economists argue that companies should speed up the adaptation of jobs to older profiles. That's one of the conditions for making policies to expand senior employment genuinely effective.

Because every life story deserves a tailor-made solution.

There are many reasons why a person may move to Spain: Work, studies, family, retirement... and each of them has different needs. That's why our HolaBank Account is designed to suit you, whatever your situation.

Coming for a few months? Are you starting a new life for good? Are you the main breadwinner? Need help with moving or renting? At CaixaBank we've thought of all that and more, so you don't have to worry about a thing.

And if your situation changes, so do our solutions for you. Because we know that life is dynamic and our mission is to accompany you at every stage with the flexibility you need.

Open your account wherever you are

One of the main advantages of the HolaBank account is that you can open it without having to be a resident in Spain. The process is 100% online and can be completed in less than 48 hours. You only need a device with a camera to perform the identity verification. It doesn't matter if you are still preparing your move or if you have just arrived: We help you get off to a good start.

Additionally, you can do everything remotely and securely, which is particularly useful if you are organising your relocation or do not yet have a fixed address. With just an internet connection and your basic documentation, you can start your new life without complications.

Everything you need in your daily life

The HolaBank account is designed to make your life easier right from the start. With it you can carry out your usual banking transactions securely and conveniently. This includes:

• Visa credit card¹ with no issuance or maintenance fees (holder and beneficiary) to suit your lifestyle. With it you will be able to make purchases from your mobile phone with the CaixaBank Now app.
• Cash withdrawals at more than 13,000 CaixaBank² ATMs in Spain.
• Deposit cheques in euros drawn at a bank in Spain.
• 24 transfers³ in euros a year to other EU accounts.

And the best thing: handle everything using CaixaBankNow digital banking, available in more than 22 languages and accessible from any device.

A club that welcomes you

When you open your account, you are automatically entered into HolaBank Club⁴, a programme of exclusive services designed to make your adaptation to Spain easier and more comfortable. Some of the most outstanding services are:

• Online translation and interpretation service⁵.
• Tailor-made procedures and formalities with advantageous prices.
• Concierge Service⁶ with personalised telephone response to your needs.
• Handyman Service⁷ with a professional at your service for small home repairs.
• Registering with utilities⁸.
• Telephone legal aid⁹.

And many more. All designed to make your day-to-day life easier, especially in those first months when every little gesture counts.

This accompaniment is one of the elements most valued by our international clients, as it allows them to focus on what is important: start their new life without wasting time and energy on handling complex formalities.

Always by your side, with multilingual advisors

We know that communicating with your bank in a language you are not fluent in can be a headache. That's why CaixaBank has a team of more than 500 managers specialised in international clients. You also have more than 300 offices throughout the country with staff trained to serve the expat community.

With CaixaBank, you don't just have a bank. You have a companion in your new journey. A person on the other side who listens to you, understands you and is available to help you with any queries or procedures.

In addition, the online personal manager service allows you to have a close and constant relationship, no matter where you are. Resolve your queries, get information about financial products or assist you with a formality: Your manager is there for you.

Security and confidence

The HolaBank account belongs to CaixaBank, one of the most solid entities in the European financial system.

Opening your account is just the first step

The important thing is not just to open an account. What is most important is to open a door to a life that is simpler, more supported, and more personal. A life where red tape does not become an obstacle and where you always have someone to turn to.

At CaixaBank we don't just speak your language. We also understand your needs. That's why we're here to help you make Spain your new home.

Ready to take the first step?

Open your HolaBank Account .

1. Credit card issued by the Hybrid Payment Entity CaixaBank Payments & Consumer, E.F.C., E.P., S.A.U. ("CPC"), with registered office at Avenida de Manoteras n.º 20, Edificio París (28050 Madrid). CaixaBank, S.A. acts as the agent for the card issuer. The system for protecting the funds of customers using payment services chosen by CPC consists of a deposit held in a separate account at CaixaBank, S.A. Granting of the card, subject to prior approval by CPC. Consult the prices usually applied to the most frequently provided banking services (Appendix 1) at 2. We may pass on the fee charged by other entities for the use of their ATMs. 3. A total of 24 transfers a year on-line with the following characteristics: non-urgent individual euro transfer requests of up to 20,000 to any EU country, provided the information entered is correct and complete. 4. Services managed by Multiasistencia, S.A. 5. Three free translation services/year or texts in Spanish, English, French, German, Russian up to a maximum of 600 words. The text must be non-technical and may not be divided into parts. Any words to be translated over the limit will be invoiced to the customer, subject to a prior quote. Free and unlimited simultaneous telephone translation service.6. Unlimited service.7. Three free hours per year for these tasks. 8. Unlimited service. No additional costs are included other than that of registering with the utility companies. 9. Unlimited service.

NRI 8823-2025/09542

Can you tell us a bit about your journey what brought you from the UK to Mauritius?

In 2015, I was living in London with my then-husband and our two young children. All his work was online, and he suggested we move to Mauritius. When I went to university in 1994 to study French, I used to joke that I was going to move to a French-speaking island! But more seriously, as we are all bilingual (French and English), I'd been looking for a place to live where our children could speak both English and French, and Mauritius ticked that box perfectly!

What were your first impressions of Mauritius as a place to live and raise a family?

Before arriving in Mauritius, I had never visited and knew no one here. Also, back then there were very few videos online, so I had no idea what to expect! My first impression was that it was lovely and warm! That the people were so friendly, that the nature was breathtaking, and that it was far more developed than I had expected. My children were nearly 9 and nearly 3 when we arrived, and they loved the outdoor lifestyle. My youngest learned to swim unaided within 6 weeks, and they spent all their time in the pool, in the sea or climbing trees at the beach. It felt like I'd really found paradise.

How has your personal journey shaped the life you've built here as a solo mom?

For the first 7 years of my time in Mauritius, I was married and raising my children with my then-husband, but then I ended our marriage and branched out on my own as a solo mum. I am lucky enough to have an incredible support network here in Mauritius both expat and Mauritian friends who have become family. I love how friendly and helpful everyone is here and how safe I feel as a woman living and parenting alone.

What has parenting been like in Mauritius compared to the UK?

I have parented in France, the UK and Mauritius, and I definitely prefer it in Mauritius. There is always something to do, and I love that the kids spend so much time outdoors. One of the big attractions for me was also the diversity here I love that my children have learned so much about different cultures and religions, as well as learning to understand Creole. And another big plus is that there isn't the consumerism here that we can find in the UK. I remember our first Christmas here, and my children didn't know what to put on their Christmas wish list as they weren't exposed to adverts. I also give my children a lot of independence here, as I find it very safe.

As a solo mom, what are some of the biggest challenges and strengths you've experienced here?

I haven't found there to be any challenges here as a solo mom (other than the usual challenges of doing it by yourself that are the same all over the world). But the plus side of solo parenting here is the support I have from countless friends across the island. I know if I am struggling, I can pick up the phone and get help immediately. I also love that I can afford to pay someone to help me at home in Mauritius I have a cleaner who comes once a week, and over the years, the women who have worked for me have become wonderful friends, and I cherish our friendship.

How do you support your daughters in adapting to expat life socially, emotionally, and educationally?

We have lived in both the west and the north of the island, and everywhere we have lived, I have helped my children make new friends through activities, holiday clubs, etc. My youngest has also been going to scouts for several years, which has helped her to meet and make friends with Mauritian children and understand Creole. My children have gone to different schools on the island, based on their needs at that time, and my youngest is now at a wonderful alternative school that is perfect for her wants and needs.

Moving to a new country can be isolating. How did you go about building a support system in Mauritius?

½ûÂþÌìÌà was actually my guardian angel when I first moved here through the forum I met my first friends, and through them I made new friends. I also set up a book/wine club when I first arrived and encouraged everyone to bring a friend. It started with just 2-3 members and grew to over 20. I'm a big believer that a stranger is simply a friend I haven't met yet, so I chat to people wherever I go and I don't hesitate to suggest meeting for a coffee or inviting people to events that I'm going to.

How has living in Mauritius impacted your career path and professional opportunities?

When I moved here from London, I shifted all my work online, and whilst it's a bit trickier than working online in the UK, my experiences here have only enriched my career. For example, I have been featured in several UK national press outlets, and people have asked to work with me based on my experiences here.

What does a typical day look like for you in Mauritius?

I wake up early, usually between 5:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. Most days, I try and walk along the beach at sunrise to start my day off the right way. Then I will do a yoga workout at home before seeing my youngest daughter off to school. I work from home, and after having lunch, I usually take half an hour on a sun lounger to read. More work in the afternoon before my daughter comes home from school, then there might be activities to take her to, or we might do something together. In the evening I/we might meet up with friends or go to the beach for sunset. Then bedtime is early here. Ever since I moved here, I shifted straight onto an "early to bed, early to rise" routine, which I love.

What aspects of Mauritian culture, traditions, or daily life have influenced your parenting and lifestyle?

We eat a lot of Mauritian food, with a firm favourite being rotis (me) and mines frites fried noodles (my daughter). We talk a lot about the history and culture of Mauritius and add these experiences to our daily life when and where we can (we recently celebrated Ganesh Pooja at our neighbours' house). We also love going to the beach on Sundays and soaking up the vibes of Mauritians enjoying their day off there, with music and dancing. I wouldn't say that my parenting has been influenced, but my lifestyle has my friends now come from all over the island and include all types of Mauritians. I've been lucky enough to be invited to a Hindu wedding, a Tamil wedding, a Telugu wedding anniversary party and a Catholic (Creole) wedding. I am a scout leader and spend most Saturdays surrounded by young Mauritians, which is my greatest pleasure and honour.ÌýI also have aÌýTikTok channel called Mauritius is Paradise, where I share myÌýknowledge about Mauritius with tourists looking to come to the island on holiday.Ìý

What do you love most about living here? And what has been the hardest adjustment?

I'm not sure I can give just one thing I love most about living here it's the people, the vibe, the nature, the culture, the food, the music, the climate, the views, the overall way of life...

The hardest adjustment is the time zone, even though there's not a big difference with the UK, but because I go to bed early, it means I often miss catching up with people in the UK during the week.

For someone considering a move to Mauritius as a single parent, what should they prepare for?

There's nothing really to prepare for (no more than being a solo parent anywhere else), but my advice is to create their support network as soon as possible and don't be afraid to try new things new food, meeting new people, doing things differently.